All about gotu kola (science proven)

gotu kola

Scientific names Common names
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Hahanghalo (C. Bis.)
Centella boninensis Nakai ex Tuyama Panggaga (Sub.) 
Centella glochidiata (Benth.) Drude Pispising (Bon.) 
Centella hirtella Nannf. Tagaditak (Iv.) 
Centella tussilaginifolia (Baker) Domin Gotu kola
Centella ulugurensis (Engl.) Domin Takip-kohol (Tag.)
Centella uniflora (Colenso) Nannf. Takip-suso (Tag.) 
Chondrocarpus asiaticus Nutt. Taingan-daga (Tag.) 
Glyceria asiatica Nutt. Tapiñgan-daga (Tag.) 
Glyceria triflora Nutt. Yahong-yahong (S-L. Bis.)
Hydrocotyle asiatica L. Indian Hydrocotyle (Engl.) 
Hydrocotyle biflora P. Vell. Pennyworth (Engl.) 
Hydrocotyle ficarifolia Stokes Spade leaf (Engl.)
Hydrocotyle ficarioides Lam. Tiger grass (Engl.)
Hydrocotyle inaequipes DC.
Hydrocotyle lurida Hance
Hydrocotyle nummularioides A.Rich.
Hydrocotyle reniformis Walter
Hydrocotyle repanda Pers.
Hydrocotyle triflora Ruiz & Pav.
Hydrocotyle tussilaginifolia Baker
Hydrocotyle uniflora Colenso
Pennyworth is a shared common name between (1) Takip-kohol, centella asiatic, pennywort, asiatic pennywort, and (2) Pennywort, Hydrocotyle vulgaris
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. is an accepted name

 

Other vernacular names
ASSAMESE : Aghinya, Bor-mani-muni, Manimuni.
BENGALI: Bora thulkari, Brahmi, Peruk, Thankuni, Tholkuri.
CHINESE: Ji xue cao, Lei gong cao, Lei gong gen, Lei gong teng, Beng da wan, Chi-hsueh Ts’ao.  
DANISH: Asiatisk centella.
FIJIAAN: Totodro.
FRENCH: Centelle asiatique, Écuelle d’eau, Fausse violette, Hydrocotyle asiatique, Hydrocotyle érigée.
GERMAN: Asiatischer Wassernabel, Indischer Wassernabel.
GUJARATI: Barmi, Brahmi, Khadabrahmi.
HAWAIIAN: Pohekula.
HINDI: Bemgsag, Brahma manduki, Brahma manduki, Brahmi, Mandukaparni, Thankuni.
ITALIAN: Erba delle tigri, Idrocotile, Scodella d’acqua.
JAPANESE: Tsubo kusa.
KANNADA: Brahmi soppu, Elavarige soppu, Ondelaga, Vondelaga.
KHMER: Trachiek kranh.
MADURESE: Kos tekosan.
MALAGASY : Talapetraka.
MALAY : Daun kaki kuda, Gagan-gagan, Pegaga, Pegagan, Kerok batok, Rendeng.
MALAYALAM: Codagen, Kodangal, Kudangal, Kudakan, Kutakan, Kutannai, Kutannal, Mandukaparni, Muthil, Muttil.
MARATHI: Brahmi, Karinga.
NEPALESE: Brahambuti, Braahamii, Ghodtaapre, Ghorataap, Kholca ghayn.
ORIYA: Hnahbial, Lambak, Theelkudi.
PUNJABI: Brahmibuti.
RUSSIAN: Gotu kola.
SAMOAN: Tono.
SANSKRIT: Brahmi, Brahma manduki, Brahamamanduki, Divya, Jalneem, Maha aushadhi, Mandukaparni, Manduki, Mandukparni, Nandukparni, Thankuni.
SINHALESE: Gotukola, Heen gotukoda, Hin gotukola.
SPANISH: Centella asiática, Hierba de clavo , Sombrerito.
SUNDANESE: Antanan rambat.
TAHITIAN: Tohatupou.
TAMIL: Mantukaparani, Pantakirikkoti, Parni, Saraswathi, Vallaarai, Vallarai, Vallarai elai, Viriyatacicceti, Viriyatecu.
TELUGU: Babassa, Bekaparnamu, Bokkudu, Mandooka brahmi, Mandooki-brahmi, Mandukbrammi, Nacley, Saraswataku, Saraswathi aaku, Saraswati aku, Vellaaraku..
THAI: Bua bok, Phak nok, Phak waen.
VIETNAMESE: Cay rau ma, Rau ma.

gotu kola seeds

Gotu kola— also known as Centella asiatica, Indian pennywort—has been used for centuries as a medicinal herb, as far back as 3000 years ago in Indian Ayurvedic medicine, 2000 years ago in Chinese medicine, in the late 1800s in French pharmacopoeia. Contrary to its name, it contains no cola or caffeine.

Botany

Gotu kola is a prostrate, creeping, sparingly hairy or nearly smooth perennial herb, with delicate and slender stems rooting at the nodes. Leaves are rounded to reniform, 2 to 5 centimeters wide, horizontal, more or less cupped, rounded at the tip, and kidney-shaped or heart-shaped at the base, palmately veined, margins undulate-crenate, the rounded lobes often overlapping. Petioles are erect, 3 to 20 centimeters long. Flowers are dark-purple, axillary, ovate, and about 1 centimeter long. Peduncles occur in pairs or threes, less than 1 centimeter long and usually bear 3 sessile flowers. Fruits are minute, ovoid, white or green, and reticulate, each with 9 subsimilar longitudinal ridges. Carpels are five, cylindric compressed, about 2.5 millimeter long, white or green, reticulate. Ovary is inferior. Stamens are 5, epigynous.

Distribution

– Found in gardens, thickets, and open, damp grasslands, on rice paddy banks and streams.

– Pantropic.

Constituents

• Leaves yield vellarine (1% in dry plant), an oily, non-volatile liquid, responsible for the odor, and considered to be the chemically active principle of the plant.

• Analysis has described vellarine as an inspissated oil of pale yellowish color, with a bitter, pungent, and persistent taste, with a marked odor of hydrocotyle, subject to variations of heat, humidity, and atmosphere.

• Chemical analysis of the plant shows the presence of vellarine, high vitamin B content in the leaves and roots, and a miscellany of other constituents such as carbohydrates, resins, proteins, ash, alkali, alkaline salts, phosphates, and tannins. The vellarine is obtained principally from the roots.

• Phytochemical studies have shown triterpenoid glycosides, phytosterols, amino acids, free acids, volatile oils and flavonoids.

• Analysis has reported chemical composition as: Resinous and oil substances, 8.9%; tannic acid and sugar, 24.5%; mucilage and extractive, 11.5%; pectin and albuminous matter, 12.5%, ash, mostly as alkaline chlorides, 12.0%.

• Triterpenoid saponins include asiaticoside, centelloside, madecassoside and asiatic acid.

• Qualitative phytochemical analysis of methanol extract of plant confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponin, steroids, and proteins, reducing sugars, carbohydrates and cardiac glycosides. (25)

• Nutrient analysis yield

37.0 Kcal in 100 g,

K 391 mg,

calcium 171 mg,

protein 2.0%,

carbohydrate 6.7%,

fat 0.2%

87.7% moisture,

1.6% crude fiber,

1.8% ash,

32.0 mg/100 g phosphorus,

5.6 mg/100g iron and

21 mg/100g sodium.

Vitamin analysis yields per 100g:

vitamin C 48.5 mg,

B1 0.09 mg,

B2 0.19 mg,

niacin 0.1 mg,

carotene 2649 µg, and

vitamin A 442 µg. (28)

• Essential oil analysis showed the major constituent to be terpenic acetateß, while other prominent constituents were ß-caryophyllene, farnesene, tans-ß-farnesene, gemacrene-D, α-humulene, bicylogermacrene, sesquiterpene and p-cymol. (44)

Medicinal properties of gotu kola

• Leaves are considered tonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, and stimulant.

• Plant has blood pressure-lowering effect.

• Rich in Vitamin B.

• Studies have suggested anxiolytic, bactericidal, wound healing, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, gastroprotective, larvicidal, antidiabetic, antimicrobial properties.

Parts utilized

· Entire plant.

Uses
Edibility

– Eaten as a salad or vegetable dish.

– In Malaysia and Indonesia, common eaten as fresh vegetable (ulam and salad), eaten raw or cooked as soup ingredient. Mild bitterness is countered by the addition of coconut milk and/or shredded coconut. Used as health tonic and processed into cordial drinks or blended to make juice drink. (28)

– Used in the preparation of juice, drink and other food products.

Folkloric medicinal uses of gotu kola

· In the Philippines, sap of leaves used as curative for sclerotic wounds.

· Decoction of leaves used as diuretic and considered useful for gonorrhea.

· Useful in the treatment of chronic and obstinate eczema. Also prescribed for secondary and tertiary syphilis accompanied by gummatous infiltration and ulceration, in chronic and callous ulcers, as a stimulant in infantile diarrhea and eczema and abscess, and in chronic rheumatism.

· Leaves are toasted and given as infusion in bowel complaints and fevers of children. Also applied as anti-inflammatory to areas of blows and bruises.

· Seeds used for dysentery, fever, and headache.

· Infectious hepatitis, measles, respiratory tract infections – colds, tonsillitis, laryngopharyngitis, bronchitis.

· Fresh material: 60 to 260 gms, dried material: 30 to 60 gms: Take in form of decoction.

· Counterirritant: Pound fresh leaves, mix with vaseline or oil and apply over affected area as poultice.

· Wounds and sore: The sap of the leaves is used on wounds and skin sores. Also, on chaps, scratches and superficial burns.

· In many folkloric systems, used for tuberculosis, syphilis, dysentery, hypertension, venous extremity problems and common cold.

· In India and Fiji, roots used for skin inflammation, to improve blood circulation, to treat bloating, congestion and depression.

· Also considered to be a brain and memory stimulant, used for Alzheimer’s disease and senility.

· In Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine, used for depression and anxiety. Also used as nerve tonic.

· In Sri Lanka and Madagascar, used for a variety of mental and neurological problems.

· In India and Africa, used for leprosy, hypertension and cancer.

· Worldwide, herb believed to improve memory and enhance concentration.

Scientific proven benefits and uses of gotu kola

TECA:

TECA, the titrated extract of Centella asiatica is a reconstituted mixture of three triterpenes extracted from the plant. Used extensive in Europe as a wound healing drug, it has been shown to stimulate collagen synthesis and increase tissue tensile strength. It has been found successful in the treatment of burns, scars and wound healing defects.

Anxiolytic / useful in anxiety control/ Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study:

Rat studies have shown decrease in locomotor activity, enhanced maze performance and attenuated started response. This double-blind placebo- controlled study evauated the anxiolytic activity of Gotu Kola in healthy subjects. Results showed Gotu Kola has anxiolytic activity in humans as shown by the ASR (acoustic startle response). (1)

Bactericidal / Enteric Pathogens:

In vitro study on the effect of CA on enteric pathogens. The alcohol extract was bactericidal against V cholera, Shigella spp, and Staph aureus and suggests further studies in its potential as an antidiarrheal drug. (2)

Wound Healing:

Study on albino rats showed the leaf extract of CA significantly promoted wound healing and was able to overcome the wound-healing suppression of dexamethasone. (3)

Study evaluated the wound healing activities of various extracts of C. asiatica in incision and partial-thickness burn wound models in rats. Results showed all extracts facilitated wound healing process in both models. The asiatic acid in the ethyl acetate extract seemed the most active component for wound healing. (24)

An aqueous-ethanol extract showed bacteriostatic activity to all gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria isolated from wounds of different etiology. Applied topically as 1% cream the extract showed tendency to reduce carrageenan-induced edema. (43)

Antioxidant:

Study showed CA extract and power may ameliorate H202-induced oxidative stress by decreasing lipid peroxidation. (4)

Immunomodulatory:

Study revealed immunomodulatory activity of C asiatica and R nasutus extracts in both non-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. Results suggest a chemoproventive or anticancer potential. (6)

Nerve Regeneration:

Study indicates components in CA ethanolic extract may be beneficial for accelerating repair of damaged neurons. In a rat study, centella extract in the drinking water hastened recovery after nerve damage, with increased axonal regeneration and accelerated functional recovery. (8)

Gastroprotective / Anti-Ulcer:

Fresh juice extract of gotu kola has shown protection against aspirin- and ethanol-induced gastric ulcers with increased gastric mucin secretion and mucosal cell glycoprotein production.

Scleroderma:

Single study found gotu kola decreased joint pain and skin hardening and improved finger movement. (19)

Periodontal Healing :

Study results indicate that the combined use of extracts of CA and P granatum pericarp significantly reduced the clinical signs of chronic periodontitis. (9)

Larvicidal:

Crude extract of leaves of CA showed larvicidal and adult emergence inhibition against mosquito Cules quinquefasciatus, possibly through various biologically active compounds–phenolics, terpenoids and alkaloids. (10)

Keloid and Scar Management:

Oral and topical use have reported benefits on wound and scar management with relief of symptoms, disappearance of inflammation and hastening of scar maturity.

Economy Class Microangiopathy:

A study on airline flight microangiopathy showed significant improvements in microcirculatory function in those utilizing TTFCA (triterpenoid fraction of Centella asiatica) with edema and rate of ankle swelling approaching normal values.

Carotid Artery Plaques:

A study on patients taking anti-aggregating medications showed a significant decrease in plaque echolucency in those on TTFCA.

Diabetic Microangiopathy:

Diabetes is characterized by blood pooling from decreased venous return and increased skin blood flow. A trial of TTFCA showed a significant reduction in skin blood flow compared to baseline values.

Venous Insufficiency:

In a study of 96 patients with venous insufficiency, use of a TECA (triterpenoid extract of C asiatica demonstrated significant clinical improvements in limb heaviness, edema, and venous distention. In a study of 40 patients with severe venous hypertension, a trial of the herbal extract showed a decrease in skin flux and rate of ankle swelling, with improvement in edema, restless limbs and change in skin color.

Anti-Enteropathogens:

Study demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of Centella asiatica against enterophathogens. Broad spectrum activity of the herb was observed against a range of enteric pathogens. Against V cholera, Shigella species and S aureus, the alcoholic extract was bactericidal within 2 hr. (12)

Cognitive Effects:

Study findings suggest the potential for Centella asiatica to attenuate age-related decline in cognitive functions in healthy middle age and elderly adults. The mechanism/s underlying these effects require further investigation.(13)

Anti-Convulsant / Neuroprotective:

Study results showed the extracts of C asiatic, except the aqueous extract, possess anticonvulsant and neuroprotective activity and suggest a use in the management of epileptic seizures. (14)

Antibacterial:

Crude water extract of Asiatic Pennywort, particularly extracted with water, showed promising antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus. (16)

Antioxidant / Lipid Effects / Safety :

Study in rats showed no toxic effects to the heart, liver and kidney on long term consumption of C asiatica extract. Results also showed CA extract and powder may ameliorate H2O2-induced oxidative stress by increasing HDL concentration, decreasing TG, LDL, lipid peroxidation. Effects are attributed to antioxidant components and polyphenols substances present. (17)

Anxiolytic / Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study:

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the anxiolytic activity of Gotu kola in healthy subjects. Compared with placebo, Gotu kola significantly attenuated acute acoustic response. GK has anxiolytic activity in humans. It remains to be seen whether it has efficacy for use in anxiety syndromes. (20)

Improvement of Behavioral Deficits / Alzheimer’s Model:

Study evaluated the use of Centella asiatica herb to enhance memory and nerve function. A water extract of CA in a murine model of Alzheimer’s disease with high ß-amyloid burden. There was attenuation of ß-amyloid associated behavioral abnormalities in the mouse murine model of AD. The combination of in vitro and animal studies support the C. asiatica potential for clinical benefit in Alzheimer’s disease. (21)

Neuritogenic Effect / Human Neuroblastoma Cells:

Study showed neurite outgrowth promoting activity of Eca 233. Besides the in vivo neuroprotective effect of ECa 233, study supports further development of ECa 233 for clinical use in neuronal injury or neurodegenerative diseases. (22)

Phagocytosis Effect / Human Neutrophils / Cell-Mediated Immune System Stimulation:

Study investigated the effect of an ethanol extract of leaves on neutrophil phagocytic function. CA extract stimulated chemotactic, phagocytic, and intracellular killing potency of human neutrophils. Results showed Ca stimulates cell-mediated immune system by increasing neutrophil phagocytic function. (23)

Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Saponins / Centelloids:

C. asiatica accumulates large amounts of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins called centelloids. These include asiaticoside, centelloside, madecassoside, brahmoside, brahminoside, thankuniside, sceffoleoside, centellose, asiactic-, brahmic-, centellic- and madecassic acids. The review lists the product range of extracts with its chemical composition and medicinal applications. (26)

Anti-Ulcer Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury / Leaves:

Study evaluated the anti-ulcerogenic activity of an ethanol extract of C. asiatica against ethanol induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Pretreatment of leaf extract showed significant gastric mucosal protection, reduction or absence of edema and leucocytes infiltration of submucosal layer. (27)

Antibacterial in Bovine Mastitis:

Study evaluated crude ethanol or water extracts for in vitro antibacterial activity against 30 isolates of S. aureus from milk samples of dairy cows. Results showed antibacterial activity with the ethanol extracts showing more potential antibacterial activity against S. aureus than the water extracts. Results suggest testing in an in vivo study. (29)

Anti-Diabetic / Leaves:

Study evaluated ethanol and methanol extracts of leaves for anti-diabetic activity in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. Both extracts exhibited significant anti-diabetic activity compared to glibenclamide, with amelioration of alloxan induced biochemical damages with long-term treatment. (30)

Neuroprotective / Aluminum Induced Neurotoxicity:

Study explored the neuroprotective effect of CA on chronic aluminum chloride exposure induced neurotoxicity in various brain regions of Wistar albino rats. Results demonstrated neuroprotective potential against AlCl-3 induced oxidative damage and cognitive dysfunction. (31)

Mentat / Improvement of Learning Disability:

Mentat is a polyherbal formulation containing Centella asiatica, together with B. monnieri, W. somnifera, N. jatamansi, A. calamus, T. cordifolia, E. officinalis, T. arjuna among others. Centella asiatica contains brahmic acid, isobrahmic acid, brahmoside and brahminoside. A double-blind placebo controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of Mentat in children with learning disability. Findings conclude Mentat improved attention and concentration in school children with learning disability. (32)

Anti-Inflammatory / Membrane Stabilization:

Study evaluated the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of C. asiatica by HRBC membrane stabilization by hypotonicity induced membrane lysis. Maximum membrane stabilization of CA extracts was found to be 94.97% at a dose of 2000 µg/ml. (34)

Neurostimulant / Neuroprotector / Memory Improvement:

Study evaluated the mechanism of CA as neurostimulant and neuroprotector. Findings showed C. asiatica improved memory function by increasing the arboration and elongation of dendrite branches due to increasing level of BDNF hippocampus. In vitro study showed neuroprotective effects in reducing apoptosis of neuronal cells through decreased expression of NFkB (nuclear factor kappa beta) and levels of tumor necrosis factor α. (35)

Phagocytic Function / Stimulation of Cell-Mediated Immune System:

Study evaluated an ethanol extract of leaves on neurtrophil phagocytic function using in vivo methods of phagocytosis. Results showed Centella asiatic stimulates cell-mediated immune system by increasing neutrophil phagocytic function. (36)

Neuroprotective / Amelioration of 3-NPA-Induced Oxidative Stress in Mitochondria:

Study evaluated the propensity of dietary intake of CA leaf powder to modulate oxidative markers in mouse brain regions and the efficacy to abrogate 3-NPA induced oxidative stress in mitochondria. Results showed CA has the propensity to modulate both endogenous and neurotoxicant induced oxidative impairments in the brain and may have potential as neuroprotective adjuvant to abrogate oxidative stress in vivo. (37)

DNA Protective Effect / Modulation of Genotoxicity:

Study evaluated an aqueous methanolic extract and various fractions against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced DNA damage. Results showed potent dose-dependent genoprotective activity. CA showed to be a strong modulator of genotoxicity caused by oxidative mutagen and presents a potential for use in chemopreventive trials. (38)

Antimicrobial / Antifungal:

Study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of various extracts against selected strains, viz., P. vulgaris, S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis, A. flavus, A. niger, and C. albicans. Results showed the ethanolic extract to have higher antimicrobial activity than petroleum ether and water extract. (39)

Acute Toxicity Study / Whole Plant Powder:

Acute toxicity study on Swiss mice with dose of 3, 5 and 7 kg/kbw in form of an aqueous slurry showed the whole plant powder to be nontoxic. (42)

Anti-Carcinogenic on Human Colon Cancer Cell Line Study:

Study investigated the anticancer potential of Centella asiatica and Elytropappus rhinocerotis. Results showed the plants induces apoptosis in CaCO-2 cells, an important step in elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism for anti-tumor activity. (45)

Toxicity Studies:

Oral toxicity study of C. asiatica powder in mice showed median lethal dose (LD50) of more than 8 g/kbw. Histopathological studies revealed no abnormality attributable to CA. Chronic toxicity study in Wistar rats produced no toxicity with no hispathological visceral organ changes. (46)

Neuroprotective on Hippocampal CA3 Neurons:

Study showed a neuroprotective role for C. asiatica leaves extract on hippocampal CA3 neurons against stress induced neurodegeneration in albino mice. (47)

Ameliorating Effect on Learning and Memory Deficit:

Study showed an ameliorating effect of ethanolic extract of C. asiatica on learning and memory impairment induced by transient bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (T2VO). The positive effect could be, at least partly, attributable to its antioxidative effect on memory impairment caused by oxidative stress. (48)

Anticonvulsant Effect:

Study of aqueous extract of C. asiatica suppressed clonic seizures in mice. The anticonvulsant action was comparable to sodium valproate in PTZ-induced seizures. (49)

Anti-Proliferative on Human Respiratory Epithelial Cells in vitro:

Study of an aqueous extract of C. asiatica demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibitory effect towards the proliferation activities of human respiratory epithelial cells. Results suggest the possibility of using C. asiatica extract as an anti-polyps therapy. (50)

Diuretic Effect / Leaves:

Study investigated the diuretic effect of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of C. asiatica in wistar rats. The extracts showed significant diuretic effect with increase in urine electrolyte concentration compared to standard drug furosemide (20 mg po). The ethanolic extract showed more potent diuretic effect than the methanolic extract. (51)

Toxicity studies

• Alcoholic extracts have shown no toxicity in rats.

• Patients have reported GI upsets and nausea as adverse effects. Rashes have been reported with topical use. Few cases of liver enzyme elevations resolved on discontinuation of the herb use.

Availability

Wild-crafted.

Tinctures, capsules, extracts in the market.

Link to the article source

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